This section describes the different desktop environments available for X on FreeBSD.
A “desktop environment” can mean anything ranging from a simple window
manager to a complete suite of desktop applications, such as KDE or GNOME.
GNOME is a user-friendly desktop environment that enables
users to easily use and configure their computers. GNOME
includes a panel (for starting applications and displaying status), a desktop (where data
and applications can be placed), a set of standard desktop tools and applications, and a
set of conventions that make it easy for applications to cooperate and be consistent with
each other. Users of other operating systems or environments should feel right at home
using the powerful graphics-driven environment that GNOME
provides. More information regarding GNOME on FreeBSD can be
found on the FreeBSD GNOME
Project's web site. The web site also contains fairly comprehensive FAQs about
installing, configuring, and managing GNOME.
The software can be easily installed from a package or the Ports Collection:
To install the GNOME package from the network, simply
type:
#pkg_add -r gnome2
To build GNOME from source, use the ports tree:
#cd /usr/ports/x11/gnome2#make install clean
Once GNOME is installed, the X server must be told to start
GNOME instead of a default window manager.
The easiest way to start GNOME is with GDM, the GNOME Display Manager. GDM,
which is installed as a part of the GNOME desktop (but is
disabled by default), can be enabled by adding gdm_enable="YES"
to /etc/rc.conf. Once you have rebooted, GNOME will start automatically once you log in -- no further
configuration is necessary.
GNOME may also be started from the command-line by properly
configuring a file named .xinitrc. If a custom .xinitrc is already in place, simply replace the line that starts
the current window manager with one that starts /usr/local/bin/gnome-session instead. If nothing special has been
done to the configuration file, then it is enough simply to type:
%echo "/usr/local/bin/gnome-session" > ~/.xinitrc
Next, type startx, and the GNOME
desktop environment will be started.
Note: If an older display manager, like XDM, is
being used, this will not work. Instead, create an executable .xsession file with the same command in it. To do this, edit the
file and replace the existing window manager command with /usr/local/bin/gnome-session:
Yet another option is to configure the display manager to allow choosing the window
manager at login time; the section on KDE
details explains how to do this for kdm, the display
manager of KDE.
X11 supports anti-aliasing via its “RENDER” extension. GTK+ 2.0 and
greater (the toolkit used by GNOME) can make use of this
functionality. Configuring anti-aliasing is described in Section 5.5.3. So, with up-to-date software,
anti-aliasing is possible within the GNOME desktop. Just go to
Applications->Desktop
Preferences->Font, and select either Best shapes, Best contrast, or
Subpixel smoothing (LCDs). For a GTK+ application that is
not part of the GNOME desktop, set the environment variable
GDK_USE_XFT to 1 before launching
the program.
KDE comes with a web browser called Konqueror, which is a solid competitor to other existing web
browsers on UNIX® systems. More information on KDE can be found on the KDE website. For FreeBSD specific information and resources on KDE, consult the KDE on FreeBSD team's website.
There are two versions of KDE available on FreeBSD. Version 3 has been around for a
long time, and is very mature. Version 4, the next generation, is also available in the
Ports Collection. They can even be installed side by side.
Just as with GNOME or any other desktop environment, the
software can be easily installed from a package or the Ports Collection:
To install the KDE3 package from the network, simply
type:
#pkg_add -r kde
To install the KDE4 package from the network, simply
type:
#pkg_add -r kde4
pkg_add(1) will
automatically fetch the latest version of the application.
To build KDE3 from source, use the ports tree:
#cd /usr/ports/x11/kde3#make install clean
To build KDE4 from source, use the ports tree:
#cd /usr/ports/x11/kde4#make install clean
After KDE has been installed, the X server must be told to
launch this application instead of the default window manager. This is accomplished by
editing the .xinitrc file:
Now, whenever the X Window System is invoked with startx, KDE will be the desktop.
If a display manager such as XDM is being used, the
configuration is slightly different. Edit the .xsession file
instead. Instructions for kdm are described later in this
chapter.
Now that KDE is installed on the system, most things can be
discovered through the help pages, or just by pointing and clicking at various menus.
Windows® or Mac®
users will feel quite at home.
The best reference for KDE is the on-line documentation. KDE comes with its own web browser, Konqueror, dozens of useful applications, and extensive
documentation. The remainder of this section discusses the technical items that are
difficult to learn by random exploration.
An administrator of a multi-user system may wish to have a graphical login screen to
welcome users. XDM can be used, as described earlier. However,
KDE includes an alternative, kdm,
which is designed to look more attractive and include more login-time options. In
particular, users can easily choose (via a menu) which desktop environment (KDE, GNOME, or something else) to run
after logging on.
To enable kdm, the ttyv8 entry in
/etc/ttys has to be adapted. The line should look as
follows:
For KDE3
ttyv8 "/usr/local/bin/kdm -nodaemon" xterm on secure
For KDE4
ttyv8 "/usr/local/kde4/bin/kdm -nodaemon" xterm on secure
XFce is a desktop environment based on the GTK+ toolkit
used by GNOME, but is much more lightweight and meant for
those who want a simple, efficient desktop which is nevertheless easy to use and
configure. Visually, it looks very much like CDE, found on
commercial UNIX systems. Some of XFce's features are:
A simple, easy-to-handle desktop
Fully configurable via mouse, with drag and drop, etc.
Main panel similar to CDE, with menus, applets and
applications launchers
Integrated window manager, file manager, sound manager, GNOME compliance module, and more
Themeable (since it uses GTK+)
Fast, light and efficient: ideal for older/slower machines or machines with memory
limitations
More information on XFce can be found on the XFce website.
A binary package for XFce exists (at the time of writing).
To install, simply type:
#pkg_add -r xfce4
Alternatively, to build from source, use the ports collection:
#cd /usr/ports/x11-wm/xfce4#make install clean
Now, tell the X server to launch XFce the next time X is
started. Simply type this:
%echo "/usr/local/bin/startxfce4" > ~/.xinitrc
The next time X is started, XFce will be the desktop. As
before, if a display manager like XDM is being used, create an
.xsession, as described in the section on GNOME, but with the /usr/local/bin/startxfce4 command; or, configure the display
manager to allow choosing a desktop at login time, as explained in the section on kdm.