Note: To prevent repetition, “FreeBSD disc” in this context means a
FreeBSD CDROM or DVD that you have purchased or produced yourself.
There may be some situations in which you need to create your own FreeBSD installation
media and/or source. This might be physical media, such as a tape, or a source that sysinstall can use to retrieve the files, such as a local FTP
site, or an MS-DOS® partition.
For example:
You have many machines connected to your local network, and one FreeBSD disc. You want
to create a local FTP site using the contents of the FreeBSD disc, and then have your
machines use this local FTP site instead of needing to connect to the Internet.
You have a FreeBSD disc, and FreeBSD does not recognize your CD/DVD drive, but MS-DOS/Windows® does. You
want to copy the FreeBSD installation files to a DOS partition on the same computer, and
then install FreeBSD using those files.
The computer you want to install on does not have a CD/DVD drive or a network card,
but you can connect a “Laplink-style” serial or parallel cable to a computer
that does.
You want to create a tape that can be used to install FreeBSD.
As part of each release, the FreeBSD project makes available at least two CDROM images
(“ISO images”) per supported architecture. These images can be written
(“burned”) to CDs if you have a CD writer, and then used to install FreeBSD.
If you have a CD writer, and bandwidth is cheap, then this is the easiest way to install
FreeBSD.
Download the Correct ISO Images
The ISO images for each release can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ISO-IMAGES-arch/version or
the closest mirror. Substitute arch and version as appropriate.
That directory will normally contain the following images:
Table 2-4. FreeBSD 6.X and 7.X ISO Image Names and Meanings
Filename
Contains
version-RELEASE-arch-bootonly.iso
Everything you need to boot into a FreeBSD kernel and start the installation
interface. The installable files have to be pulled over FTP or some other supported
source.
version-RELEASE-arch-disc1.iso
Everything you need to install FreeBSD and a “live filesystem”, which is
used in conjunction with the “Repair” facility in sysinstall.
version-RELEASE-arch-disc2.iso
As many third-party packages as would fit on the disc.
version-RELEASE-arch-docs.iso
FreeBSD documentation.
You must download one of either
the bootonly ISO image (if available), or the image of disc one. Do not download both of
them, since the disc one image contains everything that the bootonly ISO image
contains.
Use the bootonly ISO if Internet access is cheap for you. It will let you install
FreeBSD, and you can then install third-party packages by downloading them using the
ports/packages system (see Chapter 4) as necessary.
Use the image of disc one if you want to install a FreeBSD release and want a
reasonable selection of third-party packages on the disc as well.
The additional disc images are useful, but not essential, especially if you have
high-speed access to the Internet.
Write the CDs
You must then write the CD images to disc. If you will be doing this on another
FreeBSD system then see Section 18.6 for more information
(in particular, Section 18.6.3 and Section 18.6.4).
If you will be doing this on another platform then you will need to use whatever
utilities exist to control your CD writer on that platform. The images provided are in
the standard ISO format, which many CD writing applications support.
Note: If you are interested in building a customized release of FreeBSD, please
see the Release
Engineering Article.
FreeBSD discs are laid out in the same way as the FTP site. This makes it very easy
for you to create a local FTP site that can be used by other machines on your network
when installing FreeBSD.
On the FreeBSD computer that will host the FTP site, ensure that the CDROM is in the
drive, and mounted on /cdrom.
#mount /cdrom
Create an account for anonymous FTP in /etc/passwd. Do this
by editing /etc/passwd using vipw(8) and adding
this line:
ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/nonexistent
Ensure that the FTP service is enabled in /etc/inetd.conf.
Anyone with network connectivity to your machine can now chose a media type of FTP and
type in ftp://your
machine after picking “Other” in the FTP sites menu during the
install.
Note: If the boot media (floppy disks, usually) for your FTP clients is not
precisely the same version as that provided by the local FTP site, then sysinstall will not let you complete the installation. If the
versions are not similar and you want to override this, you must go into the Options menu and change distribution name to any.
Warning: This approach is OK for a machine that is on your local network, and
that is protected by your firewall. Offering up FTP services to other machines over the
Internet (and not your local network) exposes your computer to the attention of crackers
and other undesirables. We strongly recommend that you follow good security practices if
you do this.
If you must install from floppy disk (which we suggest you do not do), either due to unsupported
hardware or simply because you insist on doing things the hard way, you must first
prepare some floppies for the installation.
At a minimum, you will need as many 1.44 MB floppies as it takes to hold all the
files in the base (base distribution) directory. If you are
preparing the floppies from DOS, then they must be formatted using the MS-DOSFORMAT command. If you are using
Windows, use Explorer to format the disks (right-click on
the A: drive, and select “Format”).
Do not trust factory
pre-formatted floppies. Format them again yourself, just to be sure. Many problems
reported by our users in the past have resulted from the use of improperly formatted
media, which is why we are making a point of it now.
If you are creating the floppies on another FreeBSD machine, a format is still not a
bad idea, though you do not need to put a DOS filesystem on each floppy. You can use the
bsdlabel and newfs commands to put a
UFS filesystem on them instead, as the following sequence of commands (for a 3.5"
1.44 MB floppy) illustrates:
Then you can mount and write to them like any other filesystem.
After you have formatted the floppies, you will need to copy the files to them. The
distribution files are split into chunks conveniently sized so that five of them will fit
on a conventional 1.44 MB floppy. Go through all your floppies, packing as many
files as will fit on each one, until you have all of the distributions you want packed up
in this fashion. Each distribution should go into a subdirectory on the floppy, e.g.: a:\base\base.aa, a:\base\base.ab, and so
on.
Important: The base.inf file also needs to go on the
first floppy of the base set since it is read by the
installation program in order to figure out how many additional pieces to look for when
fetching and concatenating the distribution.
Once you come to the Media screen during the install process, select Floppy and you will be prompted for the rest.
To prepare for an installation from an MS-DOS
partition, copy the files from the distribution into a directory called freebsd in the root directory of the partition. For example, c:\freebsd. The directory structure of the CDROM or FTP site must
be partially reproduced within this directory, so we suggest using the DOS xcopy command if you are copying it from a CD. For example, to
prepare for a minimal installation of FreeBSD:
Assuming that C: is where you have free space and E: is where your CDROM is mounted.
If you do not have a CDROM drive, you can download the distribution from ftp.FreeBSD.org. Each distribution is in its own directory; for
example, the base distribution can
be found in the 7.0/base/ directory.
For as many distributions you wish to install from an MS-DOS partition (and you have the free space for), install each
one under c:\freebsd -- the BIN
distribution is the only one required for a minimum installation.
Installing from tape is probably the easiest method, short of an online FTP install or
CDROM install. The installation program expects the files to be simply tarred onto the
tape. After getting all of the distribution files you are interested in, simply tar them
onto the tape:
When you perform the installation, you should make sure that you leave enough room in
some temporary directory (which you will be allowed to choose) to accommodate the full contents of the tape you have
created. Due to the non-random access nature of tapes, this method of installation
requires quite a bit of temporary storage.
Note: When starting the installation, the tape must be in the drive before booting from the boot floppy. The
installation probe may otherwise fail to find it.
There are three types of network installations available. Ethernet (a standard
Ethernet controller), Serial port (SLIP or PPP), or Parallel port (PLIP (laplink
cable)).
For the fastest possible network installation, an Ethernet adapter is always a good
choice! FreeBSD supports most common PC Ethernet cards; a table of supported cards (and
their required settings) is provided in the Hardware Notes for each release of FreeBSD.
If you are using one of the supported PCMCIA Ethernet cards, also be sure that it is
plugged in before the laptop is
powered on! FreeBSD does not, unfortunately, currently support hot insertion of PCMCIA
cards during installation.
You will also need to know your IP address on the network, the netmask value for your
address class, and the name of your machine. If you are installing over a PPP connection
and do not have a static IP, fear not, the IP address can be dynamically assigned by your
ISP. Your system administrator can tell you which values to use for your particular
network setup. If you will be referring to other hosts by name rather than IP address,
you will also need a name server and possibly the address of a gateway (if you are using
PPP, it is your provider's IP address) to use in talking to it. If you want to install by
FTP via a HTTP proxy, you will also need the proxy's address. If you do not know the
answers to all or most of these questions, then you should really probably talk to your
system administrator or ISP before
trying this type of installation.
The SLIP support is rather primitive, and limited primarily to hard-wired links, such
as a serial cable running between a laptop computer and another computer. The link should
be hard-wired as the SLIP installation does not currently offer a dialing capability;
that facility is provided with the PPP utility, which should be used in preference to
SLIP whenever possible.
If you are using a modem, then PPP is almost certainly your only choice. Make sure
that you have your service provider's information handy as you will need to know it
fairly early in the installation process.
If you use PAP or CHAP to connect your ISP (in other words, if you can connect to the
ISP in Windows without using a script), then all you will
need to do is type in dial at the ppp
prompt. Otherwise, you will need to know how to dial your ISP using the “AT
commands” specific to your modem, as the PPP dialer provides only a very simple
terminal emulator. Please refer to the user-ppp handbook and
FAQ
entries for further information. If you have problems, logging can be directed to the
screen using the command set log local ....
If a hard-wired connection to another FreeBSD (2.0-R or later) machine is available,
you might also consider installing over a “laplink” parallel port cable. The
data rate over the parallel port is much higher than what is typically possible over a
serial line (up to 50 kbytes/sec), thus resulting in a quicker installation.
The NFS installation is fairly straight-forward. Simply copy the FreeBSD distribution
files you want onto an NFS server and then point the NFS media selection at it.
If this server supports only “privileged port” (as is generally the
default for Sun workstations), you will need to set the option NFS
Secure in the Options menu before installation can
proceed.
If you have a poor quality Ethernet card which suffers from very slow transfer rates,
you may also wish to toggle the NFS Slow flag.
In order for NFS installation to work, the server must support subdir mounts, for
example, if your FreeBSD 7.0 distribution directory lives on: ziggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD, then ziggy will have to allow the direct mounting of /usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD, not just /usr
or /usr/archive/stuff.
In FreeBSD's /etc/exports file, this is controlled by the
-alldirs options. Other NFS servers may have different
conventions. If you are getting “permission
denied” messages from the server, then it is likely that you do not have this
enabled properly.