The code in the MBR or boot manager is sometimes referred to as stage zero of the boot process. This
subsection discusses two of the boot managers previously mentioned: boot0 and LILO.
The boot0 Boot Manager: The MBR installed by FreeBSD's installer or boot0cfg(8), by
default, is based on /boot/boot0. (The boot0 program is very simple, since the program in the MBR can only be 446 bytes long because of the slice table and 0x55AA identifier at the end of the MBR.) If you have installed boot0 and multiple operating systems on your hard disks, then you
will see a display similar to this one at boot time:
Example 12-1. boot0 Screenshot
F1 DOS
F2 FreeBSD
F3 Linux
F4 ??
F5 Drive 1
Default: F2
Other operating systems, in particular Windows®,
have been known to overwrite an existing MBR with their own. If this happens to you, or
you want to replace your existing MBR with the FreeBSD MBR then use the following
command:
#fdisk -B -b /boot/boot0 device
where device is the device that you boot from,
such as ad0 for the first IDE disk, ad2 for the first IDE disk on a second IDE controller, da0 for the first SCSI disk, and so on. Or, if you want a custom
configuration of the MBR, use boot0cfg(8).
The LILO Boot Manager: To install this boot manager so it will also boot
FreeBSD, first start Linux and add the following to your existing /etc/lilo.conf configuration file:
In the above, specify FreeBSD's primary partition and drive using Linux specifiers,
replacing X with the Linux drive letter and Y with the Linux primary partition number. If you are
using a SCSI drive, you will need to change /dev/hd to read something similar to /dev/sd. The loader=/boot/chain.b line can be omitted if you have both operating
systems on the same drive. Now run /sbin/lilo -v to commit
your new changes to the system; this should be verified by checking its screen
messages.
Conceptually the first and second stages are part of the same program, on the same
area of the disk. Because of space constraints they have been split into two, but you
would always install them together. They are copied from the combined file /boot/boot by the installer or bsdlabel
(see below).
They are located outside file systems, in the first track of the boot slice, starting
with the first sector. This is where boot0, or
any other boot manager, expects to find a program to run which will continue the boot
process. The number of sectors used is easily determined from the size of /boot/boot.
boot1 is very simple, since it can only be 512 bytes in
size, and knows just enough about the FreeBSD bsdlabel, which
stores information about the slice, to find and execute boot2.
boot2 is slightly more sophisticated, and understands the
FreeBSD file system enough to find files on it, and can provide a simple interface to
choose the kernel or loader to run.
Since the loader is much more
sophisticated, and provides a nice easy-to-use boot configuration, boot2 usually runs it, but previously it was tasked to run the
kernel directly.
If you ever need to replace the installed boot1 and boot2 use bsdlabel(8):
#bsdlabel -B diskslice
where diskslice is the disk and slice you boot
from, such as ad0s1 for the first slice on the first IDE
disk.
Dangerously Dedicated Mode: If you use just the disk name, such as ad0, in the bsdlabel(8) command
you will create a dangerously dedicated disk, without slices. This is almost certainly
not what you want to do, so make sure you double check the bsdlabel(8) command
before you press Return.
The loader is the final stage of the three-stage bootstrap, and is located on the file
system, usually as /boot/loader.
The loader is intended as a user-friendly method for configuration, using an
easy-to-use built-in command set, backed up by a more powerful interpreter, with a more
complex command set.
During initialization, the loader will probe for a console and for disks, and figure
out what disk it is booting from. It will set variables accordingly, and an interpreter
is started where user commands can be passed from a script or interactively.
The loader will then read /boot/loader.rc, which by default
reads in /boot/defaults/loader.conf which sets reasonable
defaults for variables and reads /boot/loader.conf for local
changes to those variables. loader.rc then acts on these
variables, loading whichever modules and kernel are selected.
Finally, by default, the loader issues a 10 second wait for key presses, and boots the
kernel if it is not interrupted. If interrupted, the user is presented with a prompt
which understands the easy-to-use command set, where the user may adjust variables,
unload all modules, load modules, and then finally boot or reboot.
These are the most commonly used loader commands. For a complete discussion of all
available commands, please see loader(8).
autoboot seconds
Proceeds to boot the kernel if not interrupted within the time span given, in seconds.
It displays a countdown, and the default time span is 10 seconds.
boot [-options]
[kernelname]
Immediately proceeds to boot the kernel, with the given options, if any, and with the
kernel name given, if it is.
boot-conf
Goes through the same automatic configuration of modules based on variables as what
happens at boot. This only makes sense if you use unload first,
and change some variables, most commonly kernel.
help [topic]
Shows help messages read from /boot/loader.help. If the
topic given is index, then the list of available topics is
given.
include filename ...
Processes the file with the given filename. The file is read in, and interpreted line
by line. An error immediately stops the include command.
load [-ttype] filename
Loads the kernel, kernel module, or file of the type given, with the filename given.
Any arguments after filename are passed to the file.
ls [-l] [path]
Displays a listing of files in the given path, or the root directory, if the path is
not specified. If -l is specified, file sizes will be shown
too.
lsdev [-v]
Lists all of the devices from which it may be possible to load modules. If -v is specified, more details are printed.
lsmod [-v]
Displays loaded modules. If -v is specified, more details
are shown.
more filename
Displays the files specified, with a pause at each LINES
displayed.
To simply boot your usual kernel, but in single-user mode:
boot -s
To unload your usual kernel and modules, and then load just your old (or another)
kernel:
unloadload kernel.old
You can use kernel.GENERIC to refer to the generic kernel
that comes on the install disk, or kernel.old to refer to your
previously installed kernel (when you have upgraded or configured your own kernel, for
example).
Note: Use the following to load your usual modules with another kernel:
unloadset kernel="kernel.old"boot-conf
To load a kernel configuration script (an automated script which does the things you
would normally do in the kernel boot-time configurator):
