openSolaris 2008 - Administering Mail Alias Files - System Administration Guide: Network Services

Administering Mail Alias Files

Mail aliases must be unique within the domain. This section provides the procedures for administering mail alias files. Alternately, you can use the Mailing List feature in the Solaris Management Console to perform these tasks on the aliases database.

In addition, you can create database files for the local mail host by using makemap. Refer to the makemap(1M) man page. The use of these database files does not provide all of the advantages of using a name service such as NIS or NIS+. However, you should be able to retrieve the data from these local database files faster because no network lookups are involved. For more information, refer to Interactions of sendmail With Name Services and Mail Alias Files in Chapter 14, Mail Services (Reference).

Choose from the following procedures:

How to Initiate an NIS+ mail_aliases Table
How to List the Contents of the NIS+ mail_aliases Table
How to Add Aliases to the NIS+ mail_aliases Table From the Command Line
How to Add Entries by Editing an NIS+ mail_aliases Table
How to Edit Entries in an NIS+ mail_aliases Table
How to Set Up an NIS mail.aliases Map
How to Set Up a Local Mail Alias File
How to Create a Keyed Map File

How to Initiate an NIS+ `mail_aliases` Table

You can use the aliasadm command to manage entries in an NIS+ table. To create a table, follow these instructions. For more information, refer to the aliasadm(1M) man page.

Either be a member of the NIS+ group that owns the table, or become root on the mail server, or assume an equivalent role.
Roles contain authorizations and privileged commands. For more information about roles, see Configuring RBAC (Task Map) in System Administration Guide: Security Services. To configure a role with the Primary Administrator profile, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in System Administration Guide: Basic Administration.
Initiate an NIS+ table.
```
# aliasadm -I
```
Add entries to the table.
- To add two or three aliases, refer to How to Add Aliases to the NIS+ mail_aliases Table From the Command Line.
- To add more than two or three aliases, refer to How to Add Entries by Editing an NIS+ mail_aliases Table.

How to List the Contents of the NIS+ `mail_aliases` Table

To see a complete list of the contents of the table, follow these instructions.

Either be a member of the NIS+ group that owns the table, or become root on the mail server, or assume an equivalent role.
Roles contain authorizations and privileged commands. For more information about roles, see Configuring RBAC (Task Map) in System Administration Guide: Security Services. To configure a role with the Primary Administrator profile, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in System Administration Guide: Basic Administration.
List all of the entries in alphabetical order by alias.
```
# aliasadm -1
```
For more information, refer to the aliasadm(1M) man page.

Example 13-2 Listing an Individual Entry From the NIS+ mail_aliases Table

Alternately, you can use the aliasadm command to list individual entries. After you complete the first step in this procedure, type the following:

# aliasadm -m ignatz
ignatz: ignatz@saturn # Alias for Iggy Ignatz

The command matches only the complete alias name, not partial strings. You cannot use metacharacters, such as * and ?, with aliasadm -m.

Example 13-3 Listing Partial Matches From the NIS+ mail_aliases Table

Also, you can use the aliasadm command to list partial matches. After you complete the first step in this procedure, type the following:

# aliasadm -l | grep partial-string

Replace partial-string with the desired string for your search.

How to Add Aliases to the NIS+ `mail_aliases` Table From the Command Line

To add two or three aliases to the table, follow the following instructions. If you are adding more than two or three aliases, see How to Add Entries by Editing an NIS+ mail_aliases Table.

Compile a list of each of your mail clients, the locations of their mailboxes, and the names of the mail server systems.
Either be a member of the NIS+ group that owns the table, or become root on the mail server, or assume an equivalent role.
Roles contain authorizations and privileged commands. For more information about roles, see Configuring RBAC (Task Map) in System Administration Guide: Security Services. To configure a role with the Primary Administrator profile, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in System Administration Guide: Basic Administration.
(Optional) If necessary, initiate an NIS+ table.
If you are creating a completely new NIS+ mail_aliases table, you must first initiate the table. To complete this task, refer to How to Initiate an NIS+ mail_aliases Table.
Add aliases to the table.
See this example of a typical entry.
```
# aliasadm -a iggy iggy.ignatz@saturn "Iggy Ignatz"
```
The following list describes the input from the preceding example.
-a

The option for adding an alias

iggy

The short form of the alias name

iggy.ignatz@saturn

The expanded alias name

"Iggy Ignatz"

The name for the alias in quotation marks
Display the entry that you created and ensure that the entry is correct.
```
# aliasadm -m alias
```
alias

The entry that you created

For more information, refer to the aliasadm(1M) man page.

How to Add Entries by Editing an NIS+ `mail_aliases` Table

You can use the aliasadm command to manage entries in an NIS+ table. To add more than two or three aliases to the table, follow these instructions.

Compile a list of each of your mail clients, the locations of their mailboxes, and the names of the mail server systems.
Either be a member of the NIS+ group that owns the table, or become root on the mail server, or assume an equivalent role.
Roles contain authorizations and privileged commands. For more information about roles, see Configuring RBAC (Task Map) in System Administration Guide: Security Services. To configure a role with the Primary Administrator profile, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in System Administration Guide: Basic Administration.
Display and edit the aliases table.
```
# aliasadm -e
```
This command displays the table and enables you to edit the table. The editor that you use has been set with the $EDITOR environment variable. If this variable is not set, vi is the default editor.
Use the following format to type each alias on a separate line.
```
alias: expanded-alias # ["option" # "comments"]
```
alias

This column is for the short form of the alias name.

expanded-alias

This column is for the expanded alias name.

option

This column is reserved for future use.

comments

This column is used for comments about the individual alias, such as a name for the alias.

If you leave the option column blank, type an empty pair of quotation marks ("") and add the comments.
The order of the entries is not important to the NIS+ mail_aliases table. The aliasadm -l command sorts the list and displays the entries in alphabetical order.
For more information, refer to Mail Alias Files and the aliasadm(1M) man page.

How to Edit Entries in an NIS+ `mail_aliases` Table

To edit entries in the table, follow these instructions.

Either be a member of the NIS+ group that owns the table, or become root on the mail server, or assume an equivalent role.
Roles contain authorizations and privileged commands. For more information about roles, see Configuring RBAC (Task Map) in System Administration Guide: Security Services. To configure a role with the Primary Administrator profile, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in System Administration Guide: Basic Administration.
Display the alias entry.
```
# aliasadm -m alias
```
Replace alias with the assigned alias name.
Edit the alias entry, as necessary.
```
# aliasadm -c alias expanded-alias [options comments]
```
alias

If necessary, edit the alias name.

expanded-alias

If necessary, edit the expanded alias name.

options

If necessary, edit the option.

comments

If necessary, edit the comment for this entry.

For more information, refer to the aliasadm(1M) man page, as well as Mail Alias Files.
Display the entry that you have edited and ensure that the entry is correct.
```
# aliasadm -m alias
```
For more information, refer to the aliasadm(1M) man page.

Example 13-4 Deleting Entries From an NIS+ mail_aliases Table

To delete entries from the table, use the following syntax after you complete the first step in this procedure:

# aliasadm -d alias

Replace alias with the alias name for the entry that you are deleting.

How to Set Up an NIS `mail.aliases` Map

Use the following procedure to facilitate aliasing with an NIS mail.aliases map.

Compile a list of each of your mail clients, the locations of their mailboxes, and the names of the mail server systems.
Become root on the NIS master server or assume an equivalent role.
Roles contain authorizations and privileged commands. For more information about roles, see Configuring RBAC (Task Map) in System Administration Guide: Security Services. To configure a role with the Primary Administrator profile, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in System Administration Guide: Basic Administration.
Edit the /etc/mail/aliases file, and make the following entries.
1. Add an entry for each mail client.
```
# cat /etc/mail/aliases
..
alias:expanded-alias
```
  alias
  
  Use the short alias name.
  
  expanded-alias
  
  Use the expanded alias name ([email protected]).
2. Ensure that you have a Postmaster: root entry.
```
# cat /etc/mail/aliases
..
Postmaster: root
```
3. Add an alias for root. Use the mail address of the person who is designated as the postmaster.
```
# cat /etc/mail/aliases
..
root: [email protected]
```
  [email protected]
  
  Use the assigned address of the designated postmaster.
Ensure that the NIS master server is running a name service to resolve the host names on each mail server.
Change to the /var/yp directory.
```
# cd /var/yp
```
Apply the make command.
```
# make
```
The changes in the /etc/hosts and /etc/mail/aliases files are propagated to NIS slave systems. The changes are active in only a few minutes, at most.

How to Set Up a Local Mail Alias File

Use the following procedure to resolve aliases with a local mail alias file.

Compile a list of each of your users and the locations of their mailboxes.
Become root on the mail server or assume an equivalent role.
Roles contain authorizations and privileged commands. For more information about roles, see Configuring RBAC (Task Map) in System Administration Guide: Security Services. To configure a role with the Primary Administrator profile, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in System Administration Guide: Basic Administration.
Edit the /etc/mail/aliases file and make the following entries.
1. Add an entry for each user.
```
user1: [email protected]
```
  user1
  
  Use the new alias name.
  
  [email protected]
  
  Use the actual address for the new alias.
2. Ensure that you have a Postmaster: root entry.
```
# cat /etc/mail/aliases
..
Postmaster: root
```
3. Add an alias for root. Use the mail address of the person who is designated as the postmaster.
```
# cat /etc/mail/aliases
..
root: [email protected]
```
  [email protected]
  
  Use the assigned address of the designated postmaster.
Rebuild the alias database.
```
# newaliases
```
The configuration of the AliasFile option in /etc/mail/sendmail.cf determines whether this command generates in binary form either the single file, /etc/mail/aliases.db, or the pair of files, /etc/mail/aliases.dir and /etc/mail/aliases.pag.
Perform one of the following steps to copy the file or files that were generated.
1. (Optional) Copy the /etc/mail/aliases, the /etc/mail/aliases.dir, and the/etc/mail/aliases.pag files to each of the other systems.
  You can copy the three files by using the rcp or rdist commands. Refer to the rcp(1) man page or the rdist(1) man page for more information. Alternately, you can create a script for this purpose.
  When you copy these files, you do not need to run the newaliases command on each of the other systems. However, remember that you must update all the /etc/mail/aliases files each time you add or remove a mail client.
2. (Optional) Copy the /etc/mail/aliases and the /etc/mail/aliases.db files to each of the other systems.
  You can copy these files by using the rcp or rdist commands. Refer to the rcp(1) man page or the rdist(1) man page for more information. Alternately, you can create a script for this purpose.
  When you copy these files, you do not need to run the newaliases command on each of the other systems. However, remember that you must update all the /etc/mail/aliases files each time you add or remove a mail client.

How to Create a Keyed Map File

To create a keyed map file, follow these instructions.

Become superuser or assume an equivalent role.
Roles contain authorizations and privileged commands. For more information about roles, see Configuring RBAC (Task Map) in System Administration Guide: Security Services. To configure a role with the Primary Administrator profile, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in System Administration Guide: Basic Administration.
Create an input file.
Entries can have the following syntax.
```
[email protected]   [email protected]
[email protected]    error:nouser No such user here
@olddomain.com          %1@newdomain.com
```
[email protected]

Use the user name that was previously assigned with the domain that is newly assigned.

[email protected]

Use the address that is newly assigned.

[email protected]

Use the user name that was previously assigned with the domain that was previously assigned.

olddomain.com

Use the domain that was previously assigned.

newdomain.com

Use the domain that is newly assigned.

The first entry redirects mail to a new alias. The next entry creates a message when an incorrect alias is used. The last entry redirects all incoming mail from olddomain to newdomain.
Create the database file.
```
# /usr/sbin/makemap maptype newmap < newmap
```
maptype

Select a database type, such as dbm, btree, or hash.

newmap

Use the name of the input file and the first part of the name of the database file. If the dbm database type is selected, then the database files are created by using a .pag and a .dir suffix. For the other two database types, the file name is followed by .db.

Managing the `postmaster` Alias

Every system must be able to send mail to a postmaster mailbox. You can create an NIS or NIS+ alias for postmaster, or you can create the alias in each local /etc/mail/aliases file. Refer to these procedures.

How to Create a postmaster Alias in Each Local /etc/mail/aliases File
How to Create a Separate Mailbox for postmaster
How to Add the postmaster Mailbox to the Aliases in the /etc/mail/aliases File

How to Create a `postmaster` Alias in Each Local `/etc/mail/aliases` File

If you are creating the postmaster alias in each local /etc/mail/aliases file, follow these instructions.

Become superuser or assume an equivalent role.
Roles contain authorizations and privileged commands. For more information about roles, see Configuring RBAC (Task Map) in System Administration Guide: Security Services. To configure a role with the Primary Administrator profile, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in System Administration Guide: Basic Administration.

View the /etc/mail/aliases entry.

# cat /etc/mail/aliases
# Following alias is required by the mail protocol, RFC 2821
# Set it to the address of a HUMAN who deals with this system's
# mail problems.
Postmaster: root

Edit each system's /etc/mail/aliases file.
Change root to the mail address of the person who is designated as the postmaster.
```
Postmaster: mail-address
```
mail-address

Use the assigned address for the person who is designated as the postmaster.
(Optional) Create a separate mailbox for the postmaster.
You can create a separate mailbox for the postmaster to keep postmaster mail separate from personal mail. If you create a separate mailbox, use the mailbox address instead of the postmaster's personal mail address when you edit the /etc/mail/aliases files. For details, refer to How to Create a Separate Mailbox for postmaster.

How to Create a Separate Mailbox for `postmaster`

If you are creating a separate mailbox for postmaster, follow these instructions.

Become superuser or assume an equivalent role.
Roles contain authorizations and privileged commands. For more information about roles, see Configuring RBAC (Task Map) in System Administration Guide: Security Services. To configure a role with the Primary Administrator profile, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in System Administration Guide: Basic Administration.
Create a user account for the person who is designated as postmaster. Put an asterisk (*) in the password field.
For details about adding a user account, refer to Chapter 5, Managing User Accounts and Groups (Tasks), in System Administration Guide: Basic Administration.
After mail has been delivered, enable the mail program to read and write to the mailbox name.
```
# mail -f postmaster
```
postmaster

Use the assigned address.

How to Add the `postmaster` Mailbox to the Aliases in the `/etc/mail/aliases` File

If you are adding a postmaster mailbox to the aliases in the /etc/mail/aliases file, follow these instructions.

Become superuser or assume an equivalent role.
Roles contain authorizations and privileged commands. For more information about roles, see Configuring RBAC (Task Map) in System Administration Guide: Security Services. To configure a role with the Primary Administrator profile, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in System Administration Guide: Basic Administration.
Add an alias for root. Use the mail address of the person who is designated as the postmaster.
```
# cat /etc/mail/aliases
..
root: [email protected]
```
[email protected]

Use the assigned address of the person who is designated as postmaster.
On the postmaster's local system, create an entry in the /etc/mail/aliases file that defines the name of the alias. sysadmin is an example. Also, include the path to the local mailbox.
```
# cat /etc/mail/aliases
..
sysadmin: /usr/somewhere/somefile
```
sysadmin

Create a name for a new alias.

/usr/somewhere/somefile

Use the path to the local mailbox.
Rebuild the alias database.
```
# newaliases
```

Administering Mail Alias Files

How to Initiate an NIS+ mail_aliases Table

How to List the Contents of the NIS+ mail_aliases Table

How to Add Aliases to the NIS+ mail_aliases Table From the Command Line

How to Add Entries by Editing an NIS+ mail_aliases Table

How to Edit Entries in an NIS+ mail_aliases Table

How to Set Up an NIS mail.aliases Map