Project Identifiers
The project identifier is an administrative identifier that is used to identify related
work. The project identifier can be thought of as a workload tag equivalent
to the user and group identifiers. A user or group can belong to
one or more projects. These projects can be used to represent the workloads
in which the user (or group of users) is allowed to participate. This
membership can then be the basis of chargeback that is based on,
for example, usage or initial resource allocations. Although a user must be assigned to
a default project, the processes that the user launches can be associated with
any of the projects of which that user is a member.
Determining a User's Default Project
To log in to the system, a user must be assigned a default
project. A user is automatically a member of that default project, even if
the user is not in the user or group list specified in that
project.
Because each process on the system possesses project membership, an algorithm to assign
a default project to the login or other initial process is necessary. The
algorithm is documented in the man page getprojent(3C). The system follows ordered
steps to determine the default project. If no default project is found, the
user's login, or request to start a process, is denied.
The system sequentially follows these steps to determine a user's default project:
If the user has an entry with a project attribute defined in the /etc/user_attr extended user attributes database, then the value of the project attribute is the default project. See the user_attr(4) man page.
If a project with the name user.user-id is present in the project database, then that project is the default project. See the project(4) man page for more information.
If a project with the name group.group-name is present in the project database, where group-name is the name of the default group for the user, as specified in the passwd file, then that project is the default project. For information on the passwd file, see the passwd(4) man page.
If the special project default is present in the project database, then that project is the default project.
This logic is provided by the getdefaultproj() library function. See the getprojent(3PROJECT) man
page for more information.
Setting User Attributes With the useradd, usermod, and passmgmt Commands
You can use the following commands with the -K option and a key=value
pair to set user attributes in local files :
- passmgmt
Modify user information
- useradd
Set default project for user
- usermod
Modify user information
Local files can include the following:
/etc/group
/etc/passwd
/etc/project
/etc/shadow
/etc/user_attr
If a network naming service such as NIS is being used to
supplement the local file with additional entries, these commands cannot change information supplied by
the network name service. However, the commands do verify the following against the
external naming service database:
Uniqueness of the user name (or role)
Uniqueness of the user ID
Existence of any group names specified
For more information, see the passmgmt(1M), useradd(1M), usermod(1M), and user_attr(4) man pages.
project Database
You can store project data in a local file, in the Domain Name
System (DNS), in a Network Information Service (NIS) project map, or in a
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) directory service. The /etc/project file or naming service
is used at login and by all requests for account management by the
pluggable authentication module (PAM) to bind a user to a default project.
Note - Updates to entries in the project database, whether to the /etc/project file
or to a representation of the database in a network naming service, are
not applied to currently active projects. The updates are applied to new tasks
that join the project when either the login or the newtask command is
used. For more information, see the login(1) and newtask(1) man pages.
PAM Subsystem
Operations that change or set identity include logging in to the system, invoking
an rcp or rsh command, using ftp, or using su. When an operation
involves changing or setting an identity, a set of configurable modules is used
to provide authentication, account management, credentials management, and session management.
For an overview of PAM, see Chapter 17, Using PAM, in System Administration Guide: Security Services.
Naming Services Configuration
Resource management supports naming service project databases. The location where the project database
is stored is defined in the /etc/nsswitch.conf file. By default, files is listed
first, but the sources can be listed in any order.
project: files [nis] [ldap]
If more than one source for project information is listed, the nsswitch.conf
file directs the routine to start searching for the information in the first
source listed, and then search subsequent sources.
For more information about the /etc/nsswitch.conf file, see Chapter 2, The Name Service Switch (Overview), in System Administration Guide: Naming and Directory Services (DNS, NIS, and LDAP) and nsswitch.conf(4).
Local /etc/project File Format
If you select files as your project database source in the nsswitch.conf file, the
login process searches the /etc/project file for project information. See the projects(1) and
project(4) man pages for more information.
The project file contains a one-line entry of the following form for each
project recognized by the system:
projname:projid:comment:user-list:group-list:attributes
The fields are defined as follows:
- projname
The name of the project. The name must be a string that consists of alphanumeric characters, underline (_) characters, hyphens (-), and periods (.). The period, which is reserved for projects with special meaning to the operating system, can only be used in the names of default projects for users. projname cannot contain colons (:) or newline characters.
- projid
The project's unique numerical ID (PROJID) within the system. The maximum value of the projid field is UID_MAX (2147483647).
- comment
A description of the project.
- user-list
A comma-separated list of users who are allowed in the project.
Wildcards can be used in this field. An asterisk (*) allows all users to join the project. An exclamation point followed by an asterisk (!*) excludes all users from the project. An exclamation mark (!) followed by a user name excludes the specified user from the project.
- group-list
A comma-separated list of groups of users who are allowed in the project.
Wildcards can be used in this field. An asterisk (*) allows all groups to join the project. An exclamation point followed by an asterisk (!*) excludes all groups from the project. An exclamation mark (!) followed by a group name excludes the specified group from the project.
- attributes
A semicolon-separated list of name-value pairs, such as resource controls (see Chapter 6, Resource Controls (Overview)). name is an arbitrary string that specifies the object-related attribute, and value is the optional value for that attribute.
name[=value]
In the name-value pair, names are restricted to letters, digits, underscores, and periods. A period is conventionally used as a separator between the categories and subcategories of the resource control (rctl). The first character of an attribute name must be a letter. The name is case sensitive.
Values can be structured by using commas and parentheses to establish precedence.
A semicolon is used to separate name-value pairs. A semicolon cannot be used in a value definition. A colon is used to separate project fields. A colon cannot be used in a value definition.
Note - Routines that read this file halt if they encounter a malformed entry. Any
projects that are specified after the incorrect entry are not assigned.
This example shows the default /etc/project file:
system:0:System:::
user.root:1:Super-User:::
noproject:2:No Project:::
default:3::::
group.staff:10::::
This example shows the default /etc/project file with project entries added at the
end:
system:0:System:::
user.root:1:Super-User:::
noproject:2:No Project:::
default:3::::
group.staff:10::::
user.ml:2424:Lyle Personal:::
booksite:4113:Book Auction Project:ml,mp,jtd,kjh::
You can also add resource controls and attributes to the /etc/project file:
Project Configuration for NIS
If you are using NIS, you can specify in the /etc/nsswitch.conf file to
search the NIS project maps for projects:
project: nis files
The NIS maps, either project.byname or project.bynumber, have the same form as
the /etc/project file:
projname:projid:comment:user-list:group-list:attributes
For more information, see Chapter 4, Network Information Service (NIS) (Overview), in System Administration Guide: Naming and Directory Services (DNS, NIS, and LDAP).
Project Configuration for LDAP
If you are using LDAP, you can specify in the /etc/nsswitch.conf file to
search the LDAP project database for projects:
project: ldap files
For more information about LDAP, see Chapter 8, Introduction to LDAP Naming Services (Overview/Reference), in System Administration Guide: Naming and Directory Services (DNS, NIS, and LDAP). For more information about the
schema for project entries in an LDAP database, see Solaris Schemas in System Administration Guide: Naming and Directory Services (DNS, NIS, and LDAP).
