Written by Andrew Boothman. Information taken from e-mails written
by Gregory Neil Shapiro.
As already mentioned, FreeBSD comes with sendmail already
installed as your MTA (Mail Transfer Agent). Therefore by default it is in charge of your
outgoing and incoming mail.
However, for a variety of reasons, some system administrators want to change their
system's MTA. These reasons range from simply wanting to try out another MTA to needing a
specific feature or package which relies on another mailer. Fortunately, whatever the
reason, FreeBSD makes it easy to make the change.
You have a wide choice of MTAs available. A good starting point is the FreeBSD Ports Collection where you will be able to find many. Of
course you are free to use any MTA you want from any location, as long as you can make it
run under FreeBSD.
Start by installing your new MTA. Once it is installed it gives you a chance to decide
if it really fulfills your needs, and also gives you the opportunity to configure your
new software before getting it to take over from sendmail.
When doing this, you should be sure that installing the new software will not attempt to
overwrite system binaries such as /usr/bin/sendmail. Otherwise,
your new mail software has essentially been put into service before you have configured
it.
Please refer to your chosen MTA's documentation for information on how to configure
the software you have chosen.
Warning: If you disable sendmail's outgoing mail
service, it is important that you replace it with an alternative mail delivery system. If
you choose not to, system functions such as periodic(8) will be
unable to deliver their results by e-mail as they would normally expect to. Many parts of
your system may expect to have a functional sendmail-compatible system. If applications continue to use sendmail's binaries to try to send e-mail after you have disabled
them, mail could go into an inactive sendmail queue, and never
be delivered.
In order to completely disable sendmail, including the
outgoing mail service, you must use
sendmail_enable="NO"
sendmail_submit_enable="NO"
sendmail_outbound_enable="NO"
sendmail_msp_queue_enable="NO"
in /etc/rc.conf.
If you only want to disable sendmail's incoming mail
service, you should set
sendmail_enable="NO"
in /etc/rc.conf. More information on sendmail's startup options is available from the rc.sendmail(8) manual
page.
The new MTA can be started during boot by adding a configuration line to /etc/rc.conf like the following example for postfix:
# echo 'postfix_enable=“YES”' >> /etc/rc.conf
The MTA will now be automatically started during boot.
The program sendmail is so ubiquitous as standard software
on UNIX® systems that some software just assumes it is
already installed and configured. For this reason, many alternative MTA's provide their
own compatible implementations of the sendmail command-line
interface; this facilitates using them as “drop-in” replacements for sendmail.
Therefore, if you are using an alternative mailer, you will need to make sure that
software trying to execute standard sendmail binaries such as
/usr/bin/sendmail actually executes your chosen mailer instead.
Fortunately, FreeBSD provides a system called mailwrapper(8) that
does this job for you.
When sendmail is operating as installed, you will find
something like the following in /etc/mail/mailer.conf:
sendmail /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail
send-mail /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail
mailq /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail
newaliases /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail
hoststat /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail
purgestat /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail
This means that when any of these common commands (such as sendmail itself) are run, the system actually invokes a copy of
mailwrapper named sendmail, which checks mailer.conf and executes /usr/libexec/sendmail/sendmail instead. This system makes it easy
to change what binaries are actually executed when these default sendmail functions are invoked.
Therefore if you wanted /usr/local/supermailer/bin/sendmail-compat to be run instead of sendmail, you could change /etc/mail/mailer.conf to read:
sendmail /usr/local/supermailer/bin/sendmail-compat
send-mail /usr/local/supermailer/bin/sendmail-compat
mailq /usr/local/supermailer/bin/mailq-compat
newaliases /usr/local/supermailer/bin/newaliases-compat
hoststat /usr/local/supermailer/bin/hoststat-compat
purgestat /usr/local/supermailer/bin/purgestat-compat
Once you have everything configured the way you want it, you should either kill the sendmail processes that you no longer need and start the
processes belonging to your new software, or simply reboot. Rebooting will also give you
the opportunity to ensure that you have correctly configured your system to start your
new MTA automatically on boot.
