Written by Hiten Pandya and Tom
Rhodes.
It is important to utilize hardware resources in an efficient manner. Before ACPI was introduced, it was difficult and inflexible for
operating systems to manage the power usage and thermal properties of a system. The
hardware was managed by the BIOS and thus the user had
less control and visibility into the power management settings. Some limited
configurability was available via Advanced
Power Management (APM). Power and resource management is one of the key
components of a modern operating system. For example, you may want an operating system to
monitor system limits (and possibly alert you) in case your system temperature increased
unexpectedly.
In this section of the FreeBSD Handbook, we will provide comprehensive information
about ACPI. References will be provided for further
reading at the end.
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)
is a standard written by an alliance of vendors to provide a standard interface for
hardware resources and power management (hence the name). It is a key element in Operating System-directed configuration and Power
Management, i.e.: it provides more control and flexibility to the operating
system (OS). Modern systems “stretched”
the limits of the current Plug and Play interfaces prior to the introduction of ACPI. ACPI is the direct
successor to APM (Advanced Power Management).
The Advanced Power Management
(APM) facility controls the power usage of a system based on its activity. The
APM BIOS is supplied by the (system) vendor and it is specific to the hardware platform.
An APM driver in the OS mediates access to the APM Software Interface, which allows management of power
levels. APM should still be used for systems manufactured at or before the year 2000.
There are four major problems in APM. Firstly, power management is done by the
(vendor-specific) BIOS, and the OS does not have any knowledge of it. One example of
this, is when the user sets idle-time values for a hard drive in the APM BIOS, that when
exceeded, it (BIOS) would spin down the hard drive, without the consent of the OS.
Secondly, the APM logic is embedded in the BIOS, and it operates outside the scope of the
OS. This means users can only fix problems in their APM BIOS by flashing a new one into
the ROM; which is a very dangerous procedure with the potential to leave the system in an
unrecoverable state if it fails. Thirdly, APM is a vendor-specific technology, which
means that there is a lot of parity (duplication of efforts) and bugs found in one
vendor's BIOS, may not be solved in others. Last but not the least, the APM BIOS did not
have enough room to implement a sophisticated power policy, or one that can adapt very
well to the purpose of the machine.
Plug and Play BIOS (PNPBIOS) was
unreliable in many situations. PNPBIOS is 16-bit technology, so the OS has to use 16-bit
emulation in order to “interface” with PNPBIOS methods.
The FreeBSD APM driver is documented in the apm(4) manual
page.
The acpi.ko driver is loaded by default at start up by the
loader(8) and should
not be compiled into the kernel.
The reasoning behind this is that modules are easier to work with, say if switching to
another acpi.ko without doing a kernel rebuild. This has the
advantage of making testing easier. Another reason is that starting ACPI after a system has been brought up often doesn't work
well. If you are experiencing problems, you can disable ACPI altogether. This driver should not and can not be unloaded
because the system bus uses it for various hardware interactions. ACPI can be disabled by setting hint.acpi.0.disabled="1" in /boot/loader.conf or at the loader(8) prompt.
Note: ACPI and APM cannot coexist and should be used separately. The last one
to load will terminate if the driver notices the other running.
ACPI can be used to put the system into a sleep
mode with
acpiconf(8), the
-s flag, and a 1-5 option. Most
users will only need 1 or 3 (suspend to
RAM). Option 5 will do a soft-off which is the same action
as:
# halt -p
Other options are available via sysctl(8). Check out
the acpi(4) and
acpiconf(8)
manual pages for more information.
