MySQL 5.1 Database Reference Guide :: 12.10.2 Encryption and Compression Functions

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12.10.2. Encryption and Compression Functions

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The functions in this section perform encryption and decryption, and compression and uncompression.

Note: The encryption and compression functions return binary strings. For many of these functions, the result might contain arbitrary byte values. If you want to store these results, use a BLOB column rather than a CHAR or VARCHAR column to avoid potential problems with trailing space removal that would change data values.

Note: Exploits for the MD5 and SHA-1 algorithms have become known. You may wish to consider using one of the other encryption functions described in this section instead.

AES_ENCRYPT(str,key_str), AES_DECRYPT(crypt_str,key_str)

These functions allow encryption and decryption of data using the official AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithm, previously known as “Rijndael.” Encoding with a 128-bit key length is used, but you can extend it up to 256 bits by modifying the source. We chose 128 bits because it is much faster and it is secure enough for most purposes.

AES_ENCRYPT() encrypts a string and returns a binary string. AES_DESCRIPT() descrypts the encrypted string and returns the original string. The input arguments may be any length. If either argument is NULL, the result of this function is also NULL.

Because AES is a block-level algorithm, padding is used to encode uneven length strings and so the result string length may be calculated using this formula:
```
16 × (trunc(string_length / 16) + 1)
```
If AES_DECRYPT() detects invalid data or incorrect padding, it returns NULL. However, it is possible for AES_DECRYPT() to return a non-NULL value (possibly garbage) if the input data or the key is invalid.

You can use the AES functions to store data in an encrypted form by modifying your queries:
```
INSERT INTO t VALUES (1,AES_ENCRYPT('text','password'));
```
AES_ENCRYPT() and AES_DECRYPT() can be considered the most cryptographically secure encryption functions currently available in MySQL.
COMPRESS(string_to_compress)

Compresses a string and returns the result as a binary string. This function requires MySQL to have been compiled with a compression library such as zlib. Otherwise, the return value is always NULL. The compressed string can be uncompressed with UNCOMPRESS().
```
mysql> SELECT LENGTH(COMPRESS(REPEAT('a',1000)));
        -> 21
mysql> SELECT LENGTH(COMPRESS(''));
        -> 0
mysql> SELECT LENGTH(COMPRESS('a'));
        -> 13
mysql> SELECT LENGTH(COMPRESS(REPEAT('a',16)));
        -> 15
```
The compressed string contents are stored the following way:
- Empty strings are stored as empty strings.
- Non-empty strings are stored as a four-byte length of the uncompressed string (low byte first), followed by the compressed string. If the string ends with space, an extra ‘.’ character is added to avoid problems with endspace trimming should the result be stored in a CHAR or VARCHAR column. (Use of CHAR or VARCHAR to store compressed strings is not recommended. It is better to use a BLOB column instead.)
DECODE(crypt_str,pass_str)

Decrypts the encrypted string crypt_str using pass_str as the password. crypt_str should be a string returned from ENCODE().
ENCODE(str,pass_str)

Encrypt str using pass_str as the password. To decrypt the result, use DECODE().

The result is a binary string of the same length as str.
DES_DECRYPT(crypt_str[,key_str])

Decrypts a string encrypted with DES_ENCRYPT(). If an error occurs, this function returns NULL.

Note that this function works only if MySQL has been configured with SSL support. See Section 5.8.7, “Using Secure Connections”.

If no key_str argument is given, DES_DECRYPT() examines the first byte of the encrypted string to determine the DES key number that was used to encrypt the original string, and then reads the key from the DES key file to decrypt the message. For this to work, the user must have the SUPER privilege. The key file can be specified with the --des-key-file server option.

If you pass this function a key_str argument, that string is used as the key for decrypting the message.

If the crypt_str argument does not appear to be an encrypted string, MySQL returns the given crypt_str.

DES_ENCRYPT(str[,(key_num|key_str)])

Encrypts the string with the given key using the Triple-DES algorithm.

Note that this function works only if MySQL has been configured with SSL support. See Section 5.8.7, “Using Secure Connections”.

The encryption key to use is chosen based on the second argument to DES_ENCRYPT(), if one was given:

Argument	Description
No argument	The first key from the DES key file is used.
`key_num`	The given key number (0-9) from the DES key file is used.
`key_str`	The given key string is used to encrypt `str`.

The key file can be specified with the --des-key-file server option.

The return string is a binary string where the first character is CHAR(128 | key_num). If an error occurs, DES_ENCRYPT() returns NULL.

The 128 is added to make it easier to recognize an encrypted key. If you use a string key, key_num is 127.

The string length for the result is given by this formula:

new_len = orig_len + (8 - (orig_len % 8)) + 1

Each line in the DES key file has the following format:

key_num des_key_str

Each key_num value must be a number in the range from 0 to 9. Lines in the file may be in any order. des_key_str is the string that is used to encrypt the message. There should be at least one space between the number and the key. The first key is the default key that is used if you do not specify any key argument to DES_ENCRYPT()

You can tell MySQL to read new key values from the key file with the FLUSH DES_KEY_FILE statement. This requires the RELOAD privilege.

One benefit of having a set of default keys is that it gives applications a way to check for the existence of encrypted column values, without giving the end user the right to decrypt those values.

mysql> SELECT customer_address FROM customer_table 
     > WHERE crypted_credit_card = DES_ENCRYPT('credit_card_number');

ENCRYPT(str[,salt])

Encrypts str using the Unix crypt() system call and returns a binary string. The salt argument should be a string with at least two characters. If no salt argument is given, a random value is used.
```
mysql> SELECT ENCRYPT('hello');
        -> 'VxuFAJXVARROc'
```
ENCRYPT() ignores all but the first eight characters of str, at least on some systems. This behavior is determined by the implementation of the underlying crypt() system call.

If crypt() is not available on your system (as is the case with Windows), ENCRYPT() always returns NULL.
MD5(str)

Calculates an MD5 128-bit checksum for the string. The value is returned as a binary string of 32 hex digits, or NULL if the argument was NULL. The return value can, for example, be used as a hash key.
```
mysql> SELECT MD5('testing');
        -> 'ae2b1fca515949e5d54fb22b8ed95575'
```
This is the “RSA Data Security, Inc. MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm.”

If you want to convert the value to uppercase, see the description of binary string conversion given in the entry for the BINARY operator in Section 12.8, “Cast Functions and Operators”.

See the note regarding the MD5 algorithm at the beginning this section.
OLD_PASSWORD(str)

OLD_PASSWORD() was added to MySQL when the implementation of PASSWORD() was changed to improve security. OLD_PASSWORD() returns the value of the old (pre-4.1) implementation of PASSWORD() as a binary string, and is intended to permit you to reset passwords for any pre-4.1 clients that need to connect to your version 5.1 MySQL server without locking them out. See Section 5.7.9, “Password Hashing as of MySQL 4.1”.
PASSWORD(str)

Calculates and returns a password string from the plaintext password str and returns a binary string, or NULL if the argument was NULL. This is the function that is used for encrypting MySQL passwords for storage in the Password column of the user grant table.
```
mysql> SELECT PASSWORD('badpwd');
        -> '*AAB3E285149C0135D51A520E1940DD3263DC008C'
```
PASSWORD() encryption is one-way (not reversible).

PASSWORD() does not perform password encryption in the same way that Unix passwords are encrypted. See ENCRYPT().

Note: The PASSWORD() function is used by the authentication system in MySQL Server; you should not use it in your own applications. For that purpose, consider MD5() or SHA1() instead. Also see RFC 2195 for more information about handling passwords and authentication securely in your applications.
SHA1(str), SHA(str)

Calculates an SHA-1 160-bit checksum for the string, as described in RFC 3174 (Secure Hash Algorithm). The value is returned as a binary string of 40 hex digits, or NULL if the argument was NULL. One of the possible uses for this function is as a hash key. You can also use it as a cryptographic function for storing passwords. SHA() is synonymous with SHA1().
```
mysql> SELECT SHA1('abc');
        -> 'a9993e364706816aba3e25717850c26c9cd0d89d'
```
SHA1() can be considered a cryptographically more secure equivalent of MD5(). However, see the note regarding the MD5 and SHA-1 algorithms at the beginning this section.
UNCOMPRESS(string_to_uncompress)

Uncompresses a string compressed by the COMPRESS() function. If the argument is not a compressed value, the result is NULL. This function requires MySQL to have been compiled with a compression library such as zlib. Otherwise, the return value is always NULL.
```
mysql> SELECT UNCOMPRESS(COMPRESS('any string'));
        -> 'any string'
mysql> SELECT UNCOMPRESS('any string');
        -> NULL
```
UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH(compressed_string)

Returns the length that the compressed string had before being compressed.
```
mysql> SELECT UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH(COMPRESS(REPEAT('a',30)));
        -> 30
```

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