3.3. Managing Files

3.3.1.1. Compressed and Archived Files

• .bz2 — a file compressed with bzip2

• .gz — a file compressed with gzip

• .tar — a file archived with tar (short for tape archive), also known as a tar file

• .tbz or .tar.bz — a tarred and bzipped file

• .tgz or .tar.gz — a tarred and gzipped file

• .zip — a file compressed with ZIP compression, commonly found in MS-DOS applications; most compressed files for Linux use the gzip compression, so finding a .zip archive for Linux files is rare

For information on working with bzip2, gzip, and tar files, refer to Section 3.4 File Compression and Archiving.

3.3.1.2. File Formats

• .au — an audio file

• .gif — a GIF image file (short for Graphics Interchange Format)

• .html or .htm — an HTML file (short for Hyper Text Markup Language)

• .jpg — a JPEG image file (short for Joint Photographic Experts Group)

• .pdf — an electronic image of a document; PDF stands for Portable Document Format

• .png — a PNG image file (short for Portable Network Graphic)

• .ps — a PostScript file; formatted for printing

• .txt — a plain ASCII text file

• .wav — an audio file

• .xpm — an image file (short for X Pixelmap)

3.3.1.3. System Files

• .conf — a configuration file; configuration files sometimes use the .cfg extension, as well

• .lock — a lock file; determines whether a program or device is in use

• .rpm — a Red Hat Package Manager file used to install software

3.3.1.4. Programming and Scripting Files

• .c — a C program language source code file

• .cpp — a C++ program language source code file

• .h — a C or C++ program language header file

• .o — a program object file

• .pl — a Perl script

• .py — a Python script

• .so — a library file

• .sh — a shell script

• .tcl — a TCL script

3.3.2.1. Dot Files

Files whose name begins with a ".", called "dot" files, are hidden files. These files can be viewed in both graphical file managers like Nautilus and from the shell prompt, but require an extra step to reveal them. In Nautilus, select View => Show Hidden Files. From a shell prompt, list the files in your home directory by entering the command ls -al. If you view the hidden files in your home directory, you may be surprised by the number of files in what you thought was an empty directory. These hidden files are usually configuration files for applications. They are hidden to prevent accidental changes and to remove clutter from the user's home directory.

3.3.2.2. Using Spaces in File Names

While Linux allows file names with spaces in them, manipulating these files from a shell prompt can be quite cumbersome. The shell prompt expects a space to separate two files or commands, and may mis-interpret such a filename. To manipulate files with spaces in their names, surround the name with quotation marks.

3.3.2.3. Using Symbols in File Names

It is possible to use punctuation marks in your file names. However, be aware that these special characters have special meaning to the shell and may cause errors at a shell prompt. It is generally recommended that you avoid using special characters in file names for this reason. If you choose to use file names with special characters, use quotes around the file names when manipulating them from a shell prompt.

There are a few special characters you cannot use in file names. You cannot use a "/" — this indicates a directory. You cannot name a file "." or "..", for reasons discussed in Section 3.2.1 Paths.

3.3.2.4. Files with Multiple Extensions

Filenames can have multiple extensions. There may be a "." in the middle of a file name, or there may actually be multiple extensions. These multiple extensions usually arise when processing a file through multiple programs or commands. The most common file type with multiple extensions is a compressed archive. Compresed files are discussed in detail in Section 3.4 File Compression and Archiving.