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To create an output string stream, you just create an ostringstream
object, which manages a dynamically sized character buffer to hold whatever you
insert. To get the formatted result as a string object, you call the str( ) member function. Here s an example:
//: C04:Ostring.cpp {RunByHand}
// Illustrates ostringstream.
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "type an int, a float and a
string: ";
int i;
float f;
cin >> i >> f;
cin >> ws; // Throw away
white space
string stuff;
getline(cin, stuff); // Get rest of the line
ostringstream os;
os << "integer = "
<< i << endl;
os << "float = " <<
f << endl;
os << "string = "
<< stuff << endl;
string result = os.str();
cout << result << endl;
} ///:~
This is similar to the Istring.cpp example earlier
that fetched an int and a float. A sample execution follows (the
keyboard input is in bold type).
type an int, a float and a string: 10 20.5 the end
integer = 10
float = 20.5
string = the end
You can see that, like the other output streams, you can use
the ordinary formatting tools, such as the << operator and endl,
to send bytes to the ostringstream. The str( ) function
returns a new string object every time you call it so the underlying stringbuf object owned by the string stream is left undisturbed.
In the previous chapter, we presented a program, HTMLStripper.cpp,
that removed all HTML tags and special codes from a text file. As promised,
here is a more elegant version using string streams.
//: C04:HTMLStripper2.cpp {RunByHand}
//{L} ../C03/ReplaceAll
// Filter to remove html tags and markers.
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include "../C03/ReplaceAll.h"
#include "../require.h"
using namespace std;
string& stripHTMLTags(string& s)
throw(runtime_error) {
size_t leftPos;
while((leftPos = s.find('<')) != string::npos) {
size_t rightPos = s.find('>', leftPos+1);
if(rightPos == string::npos) {
ostringstream msg;
msg << "Incomplete HTML tag starting
in position "
<< leftPos;
throw runtime_error(msg.str());
}
s.erase(leftPos, rightPos - leftPos + 1);
}
// Remove all special HTML characters
replaceAll(s, "<",
"<");
replaceAll(s, ">",
">");
replaceAll(s, "&",
"&");
replaceAll(s, " ", " ");
// Etc...
return s;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
requireArgs(argc, 1,
"usage: HTMLStripper2 InputFile");
ifstream in(argv[1]);
assure(in, argv[1]);
// Read entire file into string; then strip
ostringstream ss;
ss << in.rdbuf();
try {
string s = ss.str();
cout << stripHTMLTags(s) << endl;
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
} catch(runtime_error& x) {
cout << x.what() << endl;
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
} ///:~
In this program we read the entire file into a string by
inserting a rdbuf( ) call to the file stream into an ostringstream.
Now it s an easy matter to search for HTML delimiter pairs and erase them
without having to worry about crossing line boundaries like we had to with the
previous version in Chapter 3.
The following example shows how to use a bidirectional (that
is, read/write) string stream:
//: C04:StringSeeking.cpp {-bor}{-dmc}
// Reads and writes a string stream.
#include <cassert>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string text = "We will hook no fish";
stringstream ss(text);
ss.seekp(0, ios::end);
ss << " before its time.";
assert(ss.str() ==
"We will hook no fish before its time.");
// Change "hook" to "ship"
ss.seekg(8, ios::beg);
string word;
ss >> word;
assert(word == "hook");
ss.seekp(8, ios::beg);
ss << "ship";
// Change "fish" to "code"
ss.seekg(16, ios::beg);
ss >> word;
assert(word == "fish");
ss.seekp(16, ios::beg);
ss << "code";
assert(ss.str() ==
"We will ship no code before its time.");
ss.str("A horse of a different color.");
assert(ss.str() == "A horse of a different
color.");
} ///:~
As
always, to move the put pointer, you call seekp( ), and to
reposition the get pointer, you call seekg( ). Even though we
didn t show it with this example, string streams are a little more forgiving
than file streams in that you can switch from reading to writing or vice-versa
at any time. You don t need to reposition the get or put pointers or flush the
stream. This program also illustrates the overload of str( ) that
replaces the stream s underlying stringbuf with a new string.
| Thinking in C++ Vol 2 - Practical Programming |
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