GNU Bash Reference Manual

Reference Documentation for Bash

Edition 2.5b, for Bash Version 2.05b.

July 2002

This free online reference book provides a detailed overview of the Bash shell. It provides the reader with comprehensive Bash shell scripting skills.

This is Edition 2.5b, last updated 15 July 2002, of The GNU Bash Reference Manual, for Bash, Version 2.05b.

Copyright (C) 1991-2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation.

• 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 What is Bash?
  • 1.2 What is a shell?
• 2 Definitions
• 3 Basic Shell Features
  • 3.1 Shell Syntax
    • 3.1.1 Shell Operation
    • 3.1.2 Quoting
      • 3.1.2.1 Escape Character
      • 3.1.2.2 Single Quotes
      • 3.1.2.3 Double Quotes
      • 3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting
      • 3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation
    • 3.1.3 Comments
  • 3.2 Shell Commands
    • 3.2.1 Simple Commands
    • 3.2.2 Pipelines
    • 3.2.3 Lists of Commands
    • 3.2.4 Looping Constructs
    • 3.2.5 Conditional Constructs
    • 3.2.6 Grouping Commands
  • 3.3 Shell Functions
  • 3.4 Shell Parameters
    • 3.4.1 Positional Parameters
    • 3.4.2 Special Parameters
  • 3.5 Shell Expansions
    • 3.5.1 Brace Expansion
    • 3.5.2 Tilde Expansion
    • 3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion
    • 3.5.4 Command Substitution
    • 3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion
    • 3.5.6 Process Substitution
    • 3.5.7 Word Splitting
    • 3.5.8 Filename Expansion
      • 3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching
    • 3.5.9 Quote Removal
  • 3.6 Redirections
    • 3.6.1 Redirecting Input
    • 3.6.2 Redirecting Output
    • 3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output
    • 3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error
    • 3.6.5 Here Documents
    • 3.6.6 Here Strings
    • 3.6.7 Duplicating File Descriptors
    • 3.6.8 Moving File Descriptors
    • 3.6.9 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing
  • 3.7 Executing Commands
    • 3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion
    • 3.7.2 Command Search and Execution
    • 3.7.3 Command Execution Environment
    • 3.7.4 Environment
    • 3.7.5 Exit Status
    • 3.7.6 Signals
  • 3.8 Shell Scripts
• 4 Shell Builtin Commands
  • 4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
  • 4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
  • 4.3 The Set Builtin
  • 4.4 Special Builtins
• 5 Shell Variables
  • 5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
  • 5.2 Bash Variables
• 6 Bash Features
  • 6.1 Invoking Bash
  • 6.2 Bash Startup Files
  • 6.3 Interactive Shells
    • 6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?
    • 6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?
    • 6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior
  • 6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions
  • 6.5 Shell Arithmetic
  • 6.6 Aliases
  • 6.7 Arrays
  • 6.8 The Directory Stack
    • 6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins
  • 6.9 Controlling the Prompt
  • 6.10 The Restricted Shell
  • 6.11 Bash POSIX Mode
• 7 Job Control
  • 7.1 Job Control Basics
  • 7.2 Job Control Builtins
  • 7.3 Job Control Variables
• 8 Command Line Editing
  • 8.1 Introduction to Line Editing
  • 8.2 Readline Interaction
    • 8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials
    • 8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands
    • 8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands
    • 8.2.4 Readline Arguments
    • 8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History
  • 8.3 Readline Init File
    • 8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
    • 8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs
    • 8.3.3 Sample Init File
  • 8.4 Bindable Readline Commands
    • 8.4.1 Commands For Moving
    • 8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
    • 8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
    • 8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
    • 8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments
    • 8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
    • 8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
    • 8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
  • 8.5 Readline vi Mode
  • 8.6 Programmable Completion
  • 8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins
• 9 Using History Interactively
  • 9.1 Bash History Facilities
  • 9.2 Bash History Builtins
  • 9.3 History Expansion
    • 9.3.1 Event Designators
    • 9.3.2 Word Designators
    • 9.3.3 Modifiers
• 10 Installing Bash
  • 10.1 Basic Installation
  • 10.2 Compilers and Options
  • 10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures
  • 10.4 Installation Names
  • 10.5 Specifying the System Type
  • 10.6 Sharing Defaults
  • 10.7 Operation Controls
  • 10.8 Optional Features
• A Reporting Bugs
• B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell
  • B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell
• Index of Shell Builtin Commands
• Index of Shell Reserved Words
• Parameter and Variable Index
• Function Index
• Concept Index